The second virtual event of Global Dialogues: The Worsening Water Crisis was moderated by Lisa Caulfield, Academic Director for Notre Dame International (NDI) Kylemore, Ireland and featured special guests Andrew Kennedy, Notre Dame Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mary Bourke, Trinity College Dublin Professor of Geomorphology, and James Hertrich, University College Dublin Professor of Mathematics and Statistics. The goal of this session was to expand on these professors’ current research and its three main domains: 1) the effect of coastal boulders on human activities, 2) the record of climate change that these boulders leave on the environment, and 3) the future use of boulder displacement knowledge to predict storm’s impacts on the coast.
The event consisted of a free-flowing discussion and Q+A session with Professors Kennedy, Bourke, and Hertrich, led by Director Caulfield. She began by asking Professor Kennedy about how he became involved in the coastal boulder displacement in Ireland and what makes this region so unique for this phenomenon. Prof. Kennedy mentioned that these boulders are displaced more frequently in Ireland than anywhere else around the world because of the high frequency of coastal storms in the region. He explained how these boulders serve as a record of climate activity throughout history, if analysts know how to decipher the intricacies of these deposits. For Prof. Kennedy, the future of boulder research looks like delving into the specific conditions that might elicit these displacements, which could help future human development endeavors. The coast of Ireland represents the perfect location for this research due to abundance of boulders and easier coastline access compared to other regions around the globe. Director Caulfield went on to ask Prof. Kennedy about the more definitional viewpoint of boulders and how we could determine whether it is just an actual boulder displacement. Prof. Kennedy stated that there are different ways of determining boulder identity, but that typically research cares about the largest boulders that can move the farthest inland since those are the hardest to displace.
Director Caulfield went on to ask Prof. Bourke to elaborate on the uniqueness of the Irish coastline in terms of boulder displacement research. She describes how Ireland, geographically, is at the frontline of all the weather systems coming out of the Atlantic. They are the first hit by these storms and adverse weather, which consists of massive winds and rain. Bourke goes on to describe the characteristics of the crenulated coastline, which make it ideal for these boulder displacements. The impact of these storms have multiplied over the years, as the intensity and quantity of storms have increased as an effect of climate change. Director Caulfield went on to ask about how the smaller storms that confront Ireland might actually be more harmful. In response, Prof. Bourke outlines nuisance floods, which have costlier and more damaging impacts on regular human activities than bigger storms.
Director Caulfield introduces Professor Herterich to discuss some of his mathematical models. He explains how multiple processes are important in the calculation of these models, including storm wave generation, waves becoming funneled into bays, and amplitude of the overall waves. Prof. Herterich describes that Irish waves have a bigger amplitude than many other coastlines, which show how high these boulder displacements can occur on the west coast of Ireland.
Circling back to Prof. Kennedy, Director Caulfield asks him to explain the context of climate change in these boulder displacement occurrences. The first priority for his lab is to link climate change with boulder displacement. Starting from this baseline, Prof. Kennedy can find a way to use these boulders to predict climate change in the future, as well as discover climate conditions in the past. In addition, they can decipher the climate conditions that caused boulder deposits in other regions of the world. Director Caulfied goes on to ask about how these boulders actually become displaced from the coastline. To which Prof. Kennedy replies that the pressure exerted by the waves on the boulder, once the waves have decelerated, causes the boulder to be overcome by the force and ultimately moves it in the direction of least resistance.
Director Caulfield and the panel of Prof Kennedy, Bourke, and Herterich finished the event with questions from the audience, including questions surrounding the changing intensity of waves and storms due to climate impacts, the interdisciplinary approach to boulder displacement and climate change as a whole, and the type of technology which is utilized to access data and benefit the research.
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